نحو إسمنت أكثر نظافة

مراجعة منهجية لإسمنت الحجر الجيري والطين المكلسن

المؤلفون

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.64059/eiu.v3i1.100

الكلمات المفتاحية:

إسمنت الحجر الجيري والطين المكلسن، LC3، المواد الإسمنتية التكميلية، الإسمنت منخفض الكربون، تقييم دورة الحياة، المتانة، الاقتصاد الدائري

الملخص

يتطلب التوجه نحو إزالة الكربون من صناعة الأسمنت مادة رابطة تمتاز بانخفاض البصمة الكربونية وقابلية التطبيق على نطاق عالمي. ويُعد أسمنت الطين المكلسن والحجر الجيري (LC3) المادة الإسمنتية التكميلية الوحيدة التي تتمتع بوفرة جيولوجية كافية لمواجهة هذا التحدي؛ حيث تتوافر موادها الخام على نطاق واسع، وتتطلب عملية إنتاجها طاقة أقل، فضلاً عن أداء ديمومتها المُثبت والموثوق.

تستخلص هذه المراجعة المنهجية، المتوافقة مع معايير (PRISMA 2020)، الأدلة من مجموعة كبيرة من الدراسات الخاضعة لمراجعة الأقران؛ لتشمل المواد الخام، والتكليس، والإماهة، والخصائص الميكانيكية، والديمومة، والأداء البيئي، والجوانب الاقتصادية، والنشر الصناعي. يقلل نظام (LC3-50) من احتمالية الاحترار العالمي (GWP) بنسبة تتراوح بين 30-40% لكل طن، وبنسبة تقارب 90% لكل عام من الخدمة البحرية على أساس الوحدة الوظيفية. كما تعادل مقاومة الانضغاط لديه تلك الخاصة بالأسمنت البورتلاندي العادي (OPC) عند عمر 28 يوماً. وتنخفض انتشارية الكلوريدات بمقدار 10 إلى 100 مرة، في حين أن امتثال الزحف الأساسي يقل بنسبة 28-30% مقارنة بالأسمنت البورتلاندي العادي على مستوى عجينة الأسمنت.

وعلى الرغم من هذه المزايا، لا تزال هناك فجوات حرجة فيما يتعلق بمقاومة التجمد والذوبان، والزحف، وأداء مقاومة الحريق، والكربنة في البيئات غير الاستوائية. وبناءً على ذلك، تُقترح خارطة طريق تمتد عبر ثلاثة آفاق زمنية لمعالجة هذه الفجوات. وعند بلوغ نسبة اعتماد عالمية تتراوح بين 20-30%، يمكن لأسمنت (LC3) خفض انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون السنوية بمقدار 800-900 مليون طن. وتؤكد هذه الأدلة مكانة (LC3) باعتبارها تكنولوجيا الأسمنت منخفض الكربون الأكثر قابلية للتوسع في المدى القريب.

التنزيلات

تنزيل البيانات ليس متاحًا بعد.

السيرة الشخصية للمؤلف

  • إبراهيم العامري، الجامعة الإماراتية الدولية, جامعة صنعاء

    قسم الهندسة المدنية، جامعة صنعاء، صنعاء، اليمن   
    قسم الهندسة المدنية، الجامعة الإماراتية الدولية، صنعاء، اليمن  

المراجع

Alameri, I., & Oltulu, M. (2020a). Bond Strength Between Concrete Substrate and Reinforced Polyester Composites. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 30(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-020-05295-7

Alameri, I., & Oltulu, M. (2020b). Mechanical properties of polymer composites reinforced by silica-based materials of various sizes. Applied Nanoscience, 10(11), 4087–4102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-020-01516-6

Alameri, I., & Oltulu, M. (2023). Experimental and numerical study on the mechanical properties of reinforced polyester composites. Advances in Materials Research, 12(3), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.12989/amr.2023.12.3.227

Almenares, R. S., Vizcaíno, L. M., Damas, S., Mathieu, A., Alujas, A., & Martirena, F. (2017). Industrial calcination of kaolinitic clays to make reactive pozzolans. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 6, 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2017.03.005

Alujas, A., Fernández, R., Quintana, R., Scrivener, K. L., & Martirena, F. (2015). Pozzolanic reactivity of low grade kaolinitic clays: Influence of calcination temperature and impact of calcination products on OPC hydration. Applied Clay Science, 108, 94–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.01.028

Alujas Diaz, A., Almenares Reyes, R. S., Hanein, T., Irassar, E. F., Juenger, M., Kanavaris, F., Maier, M., Marsh, A. T., Sui, T., Thienel, K.-C., Valentini, L., Wang, B., Zunino, F., & Snellings, R. (2022). Properties and occurrence of clay resources for use as supplementary cementitious materials: a paper of RILEM TC 282-CCL. Materials and Structures, 55(5), 139. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-01972-2

Amar, M., Kleib, J., Tall, M., Alloul, A., Zeraoui, A., Abriak, N.-e., & Benzerzour, M. (2024). Case study: reuse of excavated soils from the Grand Paris Express project for the formulation of low-carbon cementitious matrixes. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 26(4), 2579–2590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-024-01957-z

Angst, U., Elsener, B., Larsen, C. K., & Vennesland, Ø. (2009). Critical chloride content in reinforced concrete — A review. Cement and Concrete Research, 39(12), 1122–1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.006

Antoni, M., Rossen, J., Martirena, F., & Scrivener, K. (2012). Cement substitution by a combination of metakaolin and limestone. Cement and Concrete Research, 42(12), 1579–1589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.09.006

Avet, F., & Scrivener, K. (2018). Investigation of the calcined kaolinite content on the hydration of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). Cement and Concrete Research, 107, 124–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.016

Avet, F., Snellings, R., Alujas Diaz, A., Ben Haha, M., & Scrivener, K. (2016). Development of a new rapid, relevant and reliable (R3) test method to evaluate the pozzolanic reactivity of calcined kaolinitic clays. Cement and Concrete Research, 85, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.02.015

Baki, V. A., Ke, X., Heath, A., Calabria-Holley, J., Terzi, C., & Sirin, M. (2022). The impact of mechanochemical activation on the physicochemical properties and pozzolanic reactivity of kaolinite, muscovite and montmorillonite. Cement and Concrete Research, 162, 106962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2022.106962

Briki, Y., Avet, F., Zajac, M., Bowen, P., Haha, M. B., & Scrivener, K. (2021). Understanding of the factors slowing down metakaolin reaction in limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) at late ages. Cement and Concrete Research, 146, 106477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106477

Cancio Díaz, Y., Sánchez Berriel, S., Heierli, U., Favier, A. R., Sánchez Machado, I. R., Scrivener, K. L., Martirena Hernández, J. F., & Habert, G. (2017). Limestone calcined clay cement as a low-carbon solution to meet expanding cement demand in emerging economies. Development Engineering, 2, 82–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.deveng.2017.06.001

De Weerdt, K., Haha, M. B., Le Saout, G., Kjellsen, K. O., Justnes, H., & Lothenbach, B. (2011). Hydration mechanisms of ternary Portland cements containing limestone powder and fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(3), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.11.014

Dhandapani, Y., Machner, A., Wilson, W., Kunther, W., Afroz, S., Kim, T., Zunino, F., Joseph, S., Kanavaris, F., Castel, A., Thienel, K. C., Irassar, E. F., Bishnoi, S., Martirena, F., & Santhanam, M. (2024). Performance of cementitious systems containing calcined clay in a chloride-rich environment: a review by TC-282 CCL. Mater Struct, 57(7), 154. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02426-7

Dhandapani, Y., Sakthivel, T., Santhanam, M., Gettu, R., & Pillai, R. G. (2018). Mechanical properties and durability performance of concretes with Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). Cement and Concrete Research, 107, 136–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.005

Dhandapani, Y., & Santhanam, M. (2020). Investigation on the microstructure-related characteristics to elucidate performance of composite cement with limestone-calcined clay combination. Cement and Concrete Research, 129, 105959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105959

Dixit, A., Du, H., & Pang, S. D. (2021). Performance of mortar incorporating calcined marine clays with varying kaolinite content. Journal of Cleaner Production, 282, 124513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124513

Fernandez, R., Martirena, F., & Scrivener, K. L. (2011). The origin of the pozzolanic activity of calcined clay minerals: A comparison between kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(1), 113–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.09.013

Ferreiro, S., Herfort, D., & Damtoft, J. S. (2017). Effect of raw clay type, fineness, water-to-cement ratio and fly ash addition on workability and strength performance of calcined clay – Limestone Portland cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 101, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.003

Habert, G., Miller, S. A., John, V. M., Provis, J. L., Favier, A., Horvath, A., & Scrivener, K. L. (2020). Environmental impacts and decarbonization strategies in the cement and concrete industries. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 1(11), 559–573. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-020-0093-3

Hanein, T., Thienel, K.-C., Zunino, F., Marsh, A. T. M., Maier, M., Wang, B., Canut, M., Juenger, M. C. G., Ben Haha, M., Avet, F., Parashar, A., Al-Jaberi, L. A., Almenares-Reyes, R. S., Alujas-Diaz, A., Scrivener, K. L., Bernal, S. A., Provis, J. L., Sui, T., Bishnoi, S., & Martirena-Hernández, F. (2021). Clay calcination technology: state-of-the-art review by the RILEM TC 282-CCL. Materials and Structures, 55(1), 3. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-021-01807-6

Hay, R., & Celik, K. (2023). Effects of water-to-binder ratios (w/b) and superplasticizer on physicochemical, microstructural, and mechanical evolution of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). Construction and Building Materials, 391, 131529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131529

Hollanders, S., Adriaens, R., Skibsted, J., Cizer, Ö., & Elsen, J. (2016). Pozzolanic reactivity of pure calcined clays. Applied Clay Science, 132-133, 552–560. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2016.08.003

Joseph, S., Dhandapani, Y., Geddes, D. A., Zhao, Z., Bishnoi, S., Vieira, M., Martirena, F., Castel, A., Kanavaris, F., Bansal, T., & Riding, K. A. (2023). Mechanical properties of concrete made with calcined clay: a review by RILEM TC-282 CCL. Materials and Structures, 56(4), 84. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02118-8

Juenger, M. C. G., Snellings, R., & Bernal, S. A. (2019). Supplementary cementitious materials: New sources, characterization, and performance insights. Cement and Concrete Research, 122, 257–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.05.008

Kafodya, I., Basuroy, D., Marangu, J. M., Kululanga, G., Maddalena, R., & Novelli, V. I. (2023). Mechanical Performance and Physico-Chemical Properties of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) in Malawi. Buildings, 13(3), 740. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13030740

Kanavaris, F., Vieira, M., Bishnoi, S., Zhao, Z., Wilson, W., Tagnit Hamou, A., Avet, F., Castel, A., Zunino, F., Visalakshi, T., Martirena, F., Bernal, S. A., Juenger, M. C. G., & Riding, K. (2023). Standardisation of low clinker cements containing calcined clay and limestone: a review by RILEM TC-282 CCL. Materials and Structures, 56(9), 169. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-023-02257-y

Khan, M. S. H., Nguyen, Q. D., & Castel, A. (2020). Performance of limestone calcined clay blended cement-based concrete against carbonation. Advances in Cement Research, 32(11), 481–491. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.18.00172

Koutsouradi, A., Leal da Silva, W. R., Damø, A. J., & Jensen, P. A. (2025). Experimental investigation and comparison of soak and flash calcined kaolinite and montmorillonite. Applied Clay Science, 265, 107649. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2024.107649

Krishnan, S., Emmanuel, A. C., Shah, V., Parashar, A., Mishra, G., Maity, S., & Bishnoi, S. (2019). Industrial production of limestone calcined clay cement: experience and insights. Green Materials, 7(1), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.18.00003

Lin, R.-S., Han, Y., & Wang, X.-Y. (2021). Macro–meso–micro experimental studies of calcined clay limestone cement (LC3) paste subjected to elevated temperature. Cement and Concrete Composites, 116, 103871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103871

Lothenbach, B., Matschei, T., Möschner, G., & Glasser, F. P. (2008). Thermodynamic modelling of the effect of temperature on the hydration and porosity of Portland cement. Cement and Concrete Research, 38(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.017

Lothenbach, B., Scrivener, K., & Hooton, R. D. (2011). Supplementary cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(12), 1244–1256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001

Manosa, J., Calderon, A., Salgado-Pizarro, R., Maldonado-Alameda, A., & Chimenos, J. M. (2024). Research evolution of limestone calcined clay cement (LC(3)), a promising low-carbon binder - A comprehensive overview. Heliyon, 10(3), e25117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25117

Maraghechi, H., Avet, F., Wong, H., Kamyab, H., & Scrivener, K. (2018). Performance of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) with various kaolinite contents with respect to chloride transport. Materials and Structures, 51(5), 125. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-018-1255-3

Marangu, J. M. (2020). Physico-chemical properties of Kenyan made calcined Clay -Limestone cement (LC3). Case Studies in Construction Materials, 12, e00333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00333

Martirena Hernández, J. F., Antoni, M., Oquendo-Machado, Y., Borrajo-Perez, R., Alujas-Diaz, A., & Almenares-Reyes, R. (2024). Impact of calcination technology on properties of calcined clays. RILEM Technical Letters, 8, 190–197. https://doi.org/10.21809/rilemtechlett.2023.194

Nguyen, Q. D., & Castel, A. (2020). Reinforcement corrosion in limestone flash calcined clay cement-based concrete. Cement and Concrete Research, 132, 106051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106051

Nguyen, Q. D., Kim, T., & Castel, A. (2020). Mitigation of alkali-silica reaction by limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). Cement and Concrete Research, 137, 106176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106176

Overmann, S., Vollpracht, A., & Matschei, T. (2024). Reactivity of Calcined Clays as SCM-A Review. Materials (Basel), 17(2), 312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17020312

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hrobjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S.,…Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

Parashar, A., Avet, F., Canut, M., Riding, K. A., Wang, B., Sui, T., Vieira, S., Irassar, E. F., Velasquez, L., Almenares-Reyes, R. S., Thienel, K.-C., Maier, M., Kanavaris, F., Zunino, F., Escadeillas, G., Haha, M. B., Juenger, M. C. G., Hanein, T., Bishnoi, S., & Martirena-Hernández, F. (2024). Industrialisation of calcined clay cements: past, present, and future: a paper of RILEM TC 282-CCL. Materials and Structures, 57(9), 211. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02488-7

Pillai, R. G., Gettu, R., Santhanam, M., Rengaraju, S., Dhandapani, Y., Rathnarajan, S., & Basavaraj, A. S. (2019). Service life and life cycle assessment of reinforced concrete systems with limestone calcined clay cement (LC3). Cement and Concrete Research, 118, 111–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.11.019

Powers, T. C. (1945). A Working Hypothesis for Further Studies of Frost Resistance of Concrete. ACI Journal Proceedings, 41(1), 245–272. https://doi.org/10.14359/8684

Rathnarajan, S., Dhanya, B. S., Pillai, R. G., Gettu, R., & Santhanam, M. (2022). Carbonation model for concretes with fly ash, slag, and limestone calcined clay - using accelerated and five - year natural exposure data. Cement and Concrete Composites, 126, 104329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104329

Sánchez Berriel, S., Favier, A., Rosa Domínguez, E., Sánchez Machado, I. R., Heierli, U., Scrivener, K., Martirena Hernández, F., & Habert, G. (2016). Assessing the environmental and economic potential of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement in Cuba. Journal of Cleaner Production, 124, 361–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.125

Schneider, M., Romer, M., Tschudin, M., & Bolio, H. (2011). Sustainable cement production—present and future. Cement and Concrete Research, 41(7), 642–650. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.019

Scrivener, K., Avet, F., Maraghechi, H., Zunino, F., Ston, J., Hanpongpun, W., & Favier, A. (2019). Impacting factors and properties of limestone calcined clay cements (LC3). Green Materials, 7(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1680/jgrma.18.00029

Scrivener, K. L., John, V. M., & Gartner, E. M. (2018). Eco-efficient cements: Potential economically viable solutions for a low-CO2 cement-based materials industry. Cement and Concrete Research, 114, 2–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.015

Shamseldein, A., Shamass, R., & Zhou, X. (2025). Bibliometric Review and Research Evolution on the Durability of LC3 Cement. ScientificWorldJournal, 2025(1), 4832631. https://doi.org/10.1155/tswj/4832631

Sharma, M., Bishnoi, S., Martirena, F., & Scrivener, K. (2021). Limestone calcined clay cement and concrete: A state-of-the-art review. Cement and Concrete Research, 149, 106564. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106564

Shi, Z., Ferreiro, S., Lothenbach, B., Geiker, M. R., Kunther, W., Kaufmann, J., Herfort, D., & Skibsted, J. (2019). Sulfate resistance of calcined clay – Limestone – Portland cements. Cement and Concrete Research, 116, 238–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.11.003

Snellings, R., Almenares Reyes, R., Hanein, T., Irassar, E. F., Kanavaris, F., Maier, M., Marsh, A. T., Valentini, L., Zunino, F., & Alujas Diaz, A. (2022). Paper of RILEM TC 282-CCL: mineralogical characterization methods for clay resources intended for use as supplementary cementitious material. Materials and Structures, 55(5), 149. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-01973-1

Snellings, R., Suraneni, P., & Skibsted, J. (2023). Future and emerging supplementary cementitious materials. Cement and Concrete Research, 171, 107199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107199

Stefanoni, M., Angst, U. M., & Elsener, B. (2019). Kinetics of electrochemical dissolution of metals in porous media. Nat Mater, 18(9), 942–947. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0439-8

Ston, J., & Scrivener, K. (2019). Basic creep of limestone–calcined clay cements: An experimental and numerical approach. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 103, 102270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2019.102270

Sui, H., Wang, B., Chen, Z., Liu, Y., Sagoe-Crentsil, K., & Duan, W. (2024). Optimizing calcination for low-grade calcined kaolinite clay: Reactivity and energy consumption. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 21, e04056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e04056

Tironi, A., Trezza, M. A., Scian, A. N., & Irassar, E. F. (2012). Kaolinitic calcined clays: Factors affecting its performance as pozzolans. Construction and Building Materials, 28(1), 276–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.064

Vizcaíno Andrés, L. M., Antoni, M. G., Alujas Diaz, A., Martirena Hernández, J. F., & Scrivener, K. L. (2015). Effect of fineness in clinker-calcined clays-limestone cements. Advances in Cement Research, 27(9), 546–556. https://doi.org/10.1680/jadcr.14.00095

Zheng, D., Liang, X., Cui, H., Tang, W., Liu, W., & Zhou, D. (2022). Study of performances and microstructures of mortar with calcined low-grade clay. Construction and Building Materials, 327, 126963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126963

Zunino, F., Dhandapani, Y., Ben Haha, M., Skibsted, J., Joseph, S., Krishnan, S., Parashar, A., Juenger, M. C. G., Hanein, T., Bernal, S. A., Scrivener, K. L., & Avet, F. (2022). Hydration and mixture design of calcined clay blended cements: review by the RILEM TC 282-CCL. Materials and Structures, 55(9), 234. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-022-02060-1

Zunino, F., & Scrivener, K. (2024). Reactivity of kaolinitic clays calcined in the 650 °C–1050 °C temperature range: Towards a robust assessment of overcalcination. Cement and Concrete Composites, 146, 105380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105380

التنزيلات

منشور

2026-07-31

كيفية الاقتباس

العامري إ. (2026). نحو إسمنت أكثر نظافة: مراجعة منهجية لإسمنت الحجر الجيري والطين المكلسن. مجلة الجامعة الإماراتية الدولية, 3(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.64059/eiu.v3i1.100

المؤلفات المشابهة

يمكنك أيضاً إبدأ بحثاً متقدماً عن المشابهات لهذا المؤلَّف.

الأعمال الأكثر قراءة لنفس المؤلف/المؤلفين