الكربنة المعدنية لنفايات البناء والهدم لتحقيق التشييد المستدام
مراجعة
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.64059/eiu.v3i1.98الكلمات المفتاحية:
نفايات البناء والهدم، الكربنة المُعجَّلة، الركام الخرساني المعاد تدويره، احتجاز ثاني أكسيد الكربون، الموازنة بين القلوية والمتانةالملخص
تمثل نفايات البناء والهدم (CDW) أحد أكبر تدفقات النفايات العالمية، بينما تساهم صناعة الأسمنت بنحو 8% من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون (CO₂). وتقدم الكربنة المعدنية لهذه النفايات حلاً مزدوجاً، حيث يؤدي ترسب كربونات الكالسيوم (CaCO₃) لتكثيف البنية المجهرية للركام مع احتجاز (CO₂) بصفة دائمة.
تستخلص هذه المراجعة الأبحاث المحكمة متناولةً توصيف النفايات، وكيمياء وطرق الكربنة المتسارعة، وتحسين خصائص الركام، وأداء الخرسانة، والتقييم البيئي. تشير النتائج إلى أن الكربنة المتسارعة تقلل امتصاص الماء للركام المعاد تدويره بنسبة تصل إلى 35% بالمعالجة المضغوطة، وتزيد كثافته بنسبة 1.5-5.0%، وتحسن مقاومة الانضغاط بعمر 28 يوماً بنسبة 7-33%. كما يتم احتجاز 27 إلى أكثر من 490 كجم من (CO₂) لكل طن من عجينة الأسمنت، اعتماداً على نسبة النفايات، وجودة المصدر، وظروف المعالجة.
تحقق خرسانة الركام المعاد تدويره المُكربنة احتمالية احترار عالمي (GWP) أقل بنسبة 27% مقارنة بالخرسانة الطبيعية. ومع ذلك، تظل المقايضة بين القلوية والديمومة — والمتمثلة في تحسن مقاومة النفاذية مع انخفاض الرقم الهيدروجيني (pH) للمحلول المسامي إلى أقل من 9 — الشاغل الأبرز لتطبيقات الخرسانة المسلحة.
تشمل الفجوات البحثية الحرجة عدم تجانس تدفقات النفايات في الواقع العملي، والديمومة طويلة المدى، وبيانات النطاق الصناعي، وبروتوكولات القياس الموحدة. وتوفر اللجنة الفنية (RILEM TC 309-MCP) إطاراً تأسيسياً، مع اقتراح خارطة طريق بحثية مرحلية تمتد لآفاق زمنية قصيرة، ومتوسطة، وطويلة المدى لتوجيه عملية التنفيذ والاعتماد.
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